亚里士多德Aristotle
Aristotle(384BC–322BC)was a Greek philosopher and polymath,a student of Plato.He is one of the three important founding figures in Western philosophy.Aristotle’s writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy ,encompassing morality,aesthetics,logic,science,politics,and metaphysics.
亚里士多德（前384–前322），古希腊哲学家、博学者、柏拉图的学生，被誉为西方哲学三大奠基者之一。其著作涉及道德、美学、逻辑学、科学、政治学和玄学，是西方哲学复杂体系的开山之作。
Aristotle’s views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship,and their influence extended well into the Renaissance,although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics.His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic,which was incorporated in the late 19thcentury into modern formal logic.In metaphysics,Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages.
亚里士多德关于自然科学的观点对中世纪学者影响深远，虽然最终被牛顿物理学取代，但他们的影响在文艺复兴运动中得到了完美的体现。他的作品包括已知最早的逻辑形式研究，19世纪晚期，这些观点被吸纳入现代形式逻辑学。在玄学方面，亚里士多德主义对中世纪伊斯兰教教义和犹太教教义中的哲学及神学思辨都有深远影响。
His ethics,though always influential,gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.All aspects of his philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today.The term “logic”he reserved to mean dialectics.Like his teacher Plato,Aristotle’s philosophy aims at the universal.He found the universal in particular things,which he called the essence of things.
For Aristotle,therefore,philosophic method implies the ascent from the study of particular phenomena to the knowledge of essences.“Form”still
refers to the unconditional basis of phenomena but is “instantiated”in a particular substance.In a certain sense,his method is both inductive and deductive.In Aristotle’s terminology,“natural philosophy”is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world,and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics,biology and other natural sciences.
因此，在亚里士多德看来，哲学方法就意味着从具体现象研究上升到对于“本质”的认识。“形式”始终都是“现象”的绝对基础，但却不能被某一具体的物质所满足。从某种程度上来讲，他的方法归纳及演绎兼具。用他自己的话说，“自然哲学”是哲学的一个分支，意在认识自然世界，以及那些在今天被描述为物理学、生物学和其他自然科学的领域。
It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time.
据说，亚里士多德可能是他那个时代最后一个无所不知的人。
